Haematology cancers, commonly known as blood cancers, are diseases that affect the production and function of blood cells.
These cancers develop in the bone marrow, blood, or lymphatic system - all vital parts of the body’s immune system.
Blood cancer disrupts the normal process of blood cell formation. It affects how blood cells are made and how they work. When abnormal cells grow too quickly, they stop healthy blood cells from forming properly. This makes it harder for the body to fight infections, move oxygen around, and control bleeding effectively.
Types of haematology cancer:
- leukaemia - affects blood cells in the bone marrow, usually white blood cells
- lymphoma - affects white blood cells called lymphocytes
- myeloma (also known as multiple myeloma) - affects plasma cells in the bone marrow
- myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) - a group of conditions where the bone marrow does not work properly and produces faulty blood cells
- myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) - a group of rare conditions where the bone marrow produces too many blood cells
Symptoms of blood cancers can vary depending on the specific type. These may include:
- Persistent tiredness or weakness that doesn’t improve with rest
- Shortness of breath (breathlessness)
- Unexplained bruising or bleeding
- Swollen lymph nodes or lumps in the neck, armpits, or groin
- Fever (38°C or above) or drenching night sweats
- Unexplained weight loss
- Frequent, persistent, or severe infections
- Rash or itchy skin without an obvious cause
- Pain in the bones, joints, or abdomen
- Paleness (pallor)
Not everyone will experience the same symptoms, and some people may have signs that are not listed here. Early diagnosis and treatment however are vital for managing blood cancers effectively and improving patient outcomes.
There are a number of investigations that you may or may not require, which will be discussed with you by a specialist doctor or nurse. These investigations can include:
- Blood tests
- Bone marrow/Lymph node biopsy
- Computer Tomography (CT) scan
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scan
- Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan
- Chest X-ray
- Genetic tests
- Immunophenotyping
At times it will be necessary to have more than one test to ensure an accurate diagnosis.
Following any of the investigations, you may be contacted by the hospital or your clinical nurse specialist asking you to attend for further tests or to discuss your condition.
A team of specialists at CUH will meet to discuss your condition and to make a recommendation about the best possible treatment for you.
You, along with your clinician, will then discuss your treatment recommendations at the clinic appointment and decide on the right treatment plan for you. Your clinician will explain different treatment options and possible side effects.